July 2018
The National Birth Defect Registry collects data on all kinds of structural and functional birth defects and the health, genetic and exposure histories of both parents.
This report is an analysis of maternal exposures in 5060 cases in the registry by category and month of exposure.
| Prescription | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accutane | 8 | 3 | 0 |
| Adipex-P | 6 | 0 | 1 |
| Albuterol | 194 | 181 | 167 |
| Aldomet | 12 | 16 | 18 |
| Allergy Shots | 45 | 38 | 32 |
| Amoxicillin | 185 | 195 | 127 |
| Ampicillin | 18 | 9 | 14 |
| Atarax | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Ativan | 13 | 6 | 8 |
| Augmentin | 18 | 24 | 15 |
| Azmacort | 6 | 3 | 5 |
| Bactrim | 25 | 24 | 14 |
| Beclovent | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Beconase | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| Bendectin | 142 | 80 | 45 |
| Bentyl | 8 | 10 | 5 |
| Betamethasone | 4 | 13 | 27 |
| Biaxin | 6 | 1 | 4 |
| Ceclor | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Clomid | 57 | 0 | 0 |
| Codeine | 46 | 52 | 52 |
| Cogentin | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Compazine | 24 | 21 | 9 |
| Darvocet | 21 | 23 | 23 |
| Delalutin | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Demerol | 12 | 15 | 33 |
| Depakote | 10 | 7 | 9 |
| Depoprovera | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Des | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Diabenese | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Diabeta | 10 | 12 | 13 |
| Digoxin | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Dilantin | 8 | 6 | 6 |
| Diuril | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Duricef | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Elavil | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Erythromycin | 29 | 32 | 26 |
| Flagyl | 13 | 10 | 9 |
| Flexeril | 28 | 22 | 24 |
| Flu Shots | 125 | 197 | 79 |
| Haldol | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Heparin | 10 | 13 | 18 |
| Hydralzine | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Hydrodiuril | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Imipramine | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Inderal | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Insulin | 40 | 63 | 81 |
| Keflex | 33 | 30 | 14 |
| Lasix | 6 | 9 | 10 |
| Levothyroid | 31 | 30 | 30 |
| Librium | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Lomotil | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Lopressor | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Macrobid | 39 | 47 | 30 |
| Macrodantin | 9 | 6 | 5 |
| Morphine | 14 | 21 | 28 |
| Mysoline | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Neurontin | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 6 | 4 | 5 |
| Noroxin | 2 | 7 | 4 |
| Paxil | 44 | 25 | 20 |
| Penicillin | 28 | 29 | 33 |
| Percodan | 6 | 12 | 13 |
| Pergonal | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| Phenergan | 223 | 169 | 116 |
| Phenobarbital | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Prednisone | 24 | 32 | 35 |
| Premarin | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Preventil | 15 | 18 | 21 |
| Primatine | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| Procardia | 3 | 11 | 22 |
| Proloid | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Provera | 9 | 2 | 2 |
| Prozac | 42 | 38 | 35 |
| Rocephin | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Septra | 6 | 3 | 2 |
| Sinequan | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Sparine | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Stelazine | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sultrin | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Synthroid | 84 | 81 | 80 |
| Tegretol | 11 | 7 | 7 |
| Tenuate | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Terbutaline | 5 | 18 | 30 |
| Tetracycline | 12 | 3 | 5 |
| Thallium | 6 | 7 | 6 |
| Theophylline | 7 | 10 | 10 |
| Thorazine | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Trimox | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Urispas | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Valium | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| Vancanese | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Vicodin | 39 | 38 | 36 |
| Vistaril | 4 | 8 | 9 |
| Warfarin or Coumadin | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Wellbutrin | 41 | 29 | 26 |
| Xanax | 25 | 10 | 11 |
| Zithromax | 44 | 65 | 37 |
| Zofran | 135 | 117 | 82 |
| Zoloft | 76 | 70 | 65 |
| Over the Counter | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen | 1607 | 1526 | 1367 |
| Actifed | 26 | 24 | 15 |
| Afrin | 55 | 54 | 52 |
| Aleve | 62 | 38 | 26 |
| Alka Seltzer Gold | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| Aspartame | 547 | 469 | 446 |
| Aspirin | 175 | 119 | 103 |
| Benadryl | 212 | 184 | 158 |
| Betadine | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Bonine | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Calcium | 511 | 531 | 510 |
| Chem Tuss | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Chlortrimazole Cream | 27 | 22 | 20 |
| Chlortrimeton | 8 | 12 | 3 |
| Citricel | 6 | 4 | 5 |
| Claritin | 86 | 74 | 55 |
| Contac | 11 | 7 | 2 |
| Coricidin | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| Correctol | 9 | 12 | 9 |
| Digel | 4 | 3 | 5 |
| Dimetapp | 21 | 16 | 10 |
| Dramamine | 43 | 28 | 9 |
| Dristan | 23 | 24 | 15 |
| Drixoral | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Ducolax | 21 | 29 | 39 |
| Emetrol | 43 | 25 | 12 |
| Ex-Lax | 18 | 10 | 7 |
| Feenamint | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Flonase | 35 | 32 | 26 |
| Gavison | 25 | 32 | 36 |
| Gyne-Lotrimin | 15 | 7 | 8 |
| Ibuprofen | 285 | 178 | 123 |
| Iron Supplements | 656 | 798 | 849 |
| Meclizine | 19 | 16 | 11 |
| Metamucil | 27 | 34 | 33 |
| Milk Of Magnesia | 31 | 36 | 38 |
| Monostat | 89 | 107 | 62 |
| Mylanta | 119 | 147 | 158 |
| Naprosyn | 10 | 8 | 8 |
| Nasonex | 20 | 18 | 19 |
| Neosynephrine | 7 | 6 | 7 |
| Nyquil | 49 | 16 | 10 |
| Nystatin | 13 | 13 | 7 |
| Ornade | 11 | 8 | 6 |
| Otrivin | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Pepto Bismol | 122 | 85 | 65 |
| Riopan | 9 | 11 | 13 |
| Robitussin | 90 | 102 | 67 |
| Rolaids | 252 | 274 | 288 |
| Saccharin | 175 | 156 | 143 |
| Scopalamine | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Seldane | 5 | 7 | 3 |
| Senakot | 13 | 19 | 25 |
| Sinex | 6 | 1 | 2 |
| Sinutab | 13 | 5 | 6 |
| Sudafed | 249 | 270 | 174 |
| Terazol | 7 | 14 | 11 |
| Theraflu | 16 | 11 | 3 |
| Triaminic | 6 | 4 | 1 |
| Tums | 830 | 1019 | 1020 |
| Tylenol Sinus | 92 | 84 | 61 |
| Unisom | 21 | 13 | 13 |
| Valisone | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Vicks 44d | 15 | 10 | 4 |
| Zyrtec | 57 | 37 | 34 |
| Environmental Toxins | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-4D | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| Applied Pesticides | 29 | 26 | 20 |
| Artificial Nail Tech | 138 | 118 | 90 |
| Asbestos | 29 | 21 | 16 |
| Beauty Parlor Chem | 201 | 225 | 193 |
| Benzene | 12 | 12 | 9 |
| Bleach | 811 | 762 | 696 |
| Cadmium | 10 | 5 | 6 |
| Chlordane | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Cleaning Products | 1473 | 1402 | 1293 |
| Commercial Art Supplies | 32 | 26 | 22 |
| Cortisone | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| DDT/DDE | 9 | 3 | 4 |
| DEET | 28 | 27 | 25 |
| Diazanon | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| Dieldrin | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Diesel Fumes | 124 | 109 | 86 |
| Dioxin | 20 | 18 | 17 |
| Dursban | 13 | 11 | 6 |
| Fiberglass Resin | 18 | 14 | 12 |
| Formaldehyde | 29 | 26 | 17 |
| Freq Electric Blanket | 73 | 64 | 45 |
| Fresh Paint | 235 | 280 | 285 |
| Glues | 53 | 49 | 43 |
| Glycol Ethers | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Heptachlor | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Heptachlor Epoxide | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Hexachlorobenzene | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Home Treated Termites/Ants | 33 | 36 | 24 |
| Hydralazine | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Hydrodiuril | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Lead | 26 | 23 | 17 |
| Lindane | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Lived 3 Mi Agri Area | 118 | 117 | 116 |
| Lived Near Airport | 158 | 149 | 151 |
| Lived Near Lake/Power Lines/Canal | 117 | 115 | 111 |
| Lived Near Power Lines | 282 | 278 | 265 |
| Malathion | 11 | 9 | 9 |
| Mercury | 18 | 11 | 12 |
| Methyl Mercury | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Mirex | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Pcbs | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Photo Processing Chem | 17 | 16 | 11 |
| Polynuclear Arom Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Printing Ink | 121 | 115 | 97 |
| Prof Home/Office Spray Serv | 89 | 95 | 82 |
| Prof Lawn Service | 34 | 40 | 36 |
| Raid | 68 | 68 | 58 |
| Rid | 5 | 7 | 4 |
| Roundup | 38 | 27 | 25 |
| Sevin | 11 | 15 | 14 |
| Solvents | 51 | 44 | 35 |
| Spectracide | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Sulfur | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Tar | 9 | 7 | 9 |
| Toluene | 8 | 8 | 7 |
| Toxoplasmosis | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Trichlorethylene | 10 | 6 | 8 |
| Wood Stripper | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| Worked At Computer | 1666 | 1658 | 1433 |
| Xylene | 6 | 5 | 6 |
| Contraceptive/Pregnancy | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthetics | 47 | 39 | 124 |
| Folic Acid | 929 | 891 | 818 |
| IUDs | 7 | 1 | 1 |
| Oral Contraceptives | 58 | 2 | 1 |
| Prenatal Pregnancy Vitamins | 3378 | 3375 | 3307 |
| Prenatal Sonograms | 2319 | 3000 | 2520 |
| Progesterone | 101 | 19 | 11 |
| Spermicides | 26 | 2 | 1 |
| X-Rays | 156 | 137 | 118 |
| Recreational Drugs | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
| Alcohol | 460 | 242 | 226 |
| Cocaine | 16 | 5 | 2 |
| Crack | 11 | 6 | 6 |
| Hallucinogen | 11 | 4 | 1 |
| Marijuana | 98 | 38 | 25 |
| Smoking | 806 | 617 | 603 |
| Stimulants | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Maternal Illness | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allergies | 637 | 637 | 554 |
| Anemia | 181 | 230 | 257 |
| Bronchitis | 77 | 133 | 73 |
| CFIDs | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Chicken Pox | 5 | 9 | 3 |
| Chlamydia | 25 | 7 | 6 |
| CMV | 8 | 10 | 4 |
| Cold | 532 | 681 | 376 |
| Epstein Barr Virus | 11 | 18 | 12 |
| Flu | 166 | 175 | 99 |
| Genital Herpes | 45 | 43 | 39 |
| Gestational Diabetes | 59 | 168 | 199 |
| Headaches | 798 | 771 | 664 |
| Hepatitis B | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Kidney Infection | 39 | 69 | 40 |
| Migraines | 302 | 303 | 250 |
| Parovirus B19 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pneumonia | 16 | 16 | 17 |
| Polyhydramios | 9 | 43 | 77 |
| Preeclampsia | 14 | 45 | 155 |
| Pregnancy Morning Sickness | 1696 | 877 | 442 |
| Rubella | 9 | 1 | 3 |
| Sinus Infection | 267 | 341 | 207 |
| Sore Throat | 183 | 237 | 138 |
| Strep B | 35 | 38 | 94 |
| Strep Throat | 30 | 25 | 16 |
| Toxemia | 9 | 26 | 94 |
| Urinary Tract Infection | 208 | 247 | 166 |
| Vaginal/Pelvic Infections | 73 | 59 | 54 |
| Varicella | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Virus | 58 | 63 | 31 |
| Yeast Infection | 209 | 243 | 167 |
For daily information about new research on birth defects, visit our 